The study was carried out to provide the basic histology of submandubular salivary gland in the giant pouched rat, as there is dearth of information of its microscopic silver flum pebble architecture in available literature.This becomes more important as the possible use of this species of rodent is considered as a future laboratory animal of choic

During their first three larval stadia, caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) are patch-restricted foragers, confining their activity to a web-nest they construct in the branches of the host tree.Activity recordings of eight field colonies made over 46 colony-days showed that the later instars become central place foragers, leav

The paper deals with ritual sister smoked pineapple identifying the causes of surface failure of a shaft made of material 42CrMoS4.On the basis of microstructural analysis completed by hardness testing, the occurrence of undesirable phases, such as non-metallic inclusions in the structure of the shaft, can be demonstrated.In the presence of various

Abstract Manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) tends to get trapped in local optima as it relies on the direction provided by the previous individual and the best individual as guidance to search for the optimal solution.As enriching population diversity can effectively solve this problem, in this paper, we introduce a hierarchical structure and w